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Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q. (2001). The application of
demand-control theory to sign language interpreting: Implications
for stress and interpreter training. Journal of Deaf Studies and
Deaf Education 6 (1), 1-14.
Initial description of "demand-control theory", including
the four quadrant interactive theory of occupational stress, categories
of demands with examples, controls described as "decision latitude,"
and a beginning look at supervision for interpreters. Main focus
seems to be on interpreter stress and training students. Specific
research looks at skills learned during versus after interpreter
training programs. This was done by means of a survey of working
interpreters in Rochester, NY asking about their preparedness for
certain demands after leaving their ITP.
Dean, R. K., Davis, J., Dostal-Barnett, H., Graham, L. E., Hammond,
L., & Hinchey, K. (2003, January). Training medically qualified
interpreters: New approaches, new applications, promising results.
VIEWS, 20(1), 1, 10-12.
A description of the observation-supervision aspects of the medical
interpreting class that was part of the UR-UT DC-S project. It includes
the instructors' perspectives as well as the students' perspectives
of the program. Finally, it gives some examples of benefits of the
program and parallels interpreter practice with that of other practice
professions, such as medical professionals.
Dean, R. K., Pollard, R. Q., & English, M. A. (2004). Observation-supervision
in mental health interpreter training. In E. M. Maroney (Ed.), CIT:
Still shining after 25 years. Proceedings of the 15th national convention
of the Conference of Interpreter Trainers (CIT), 55-75.
A report of the UR observation-supervision project including the
cities of Rochester, Minneapolis, New York City, and San Francisco.
This report includes discussion of the research design and the preliminary
findings from Rochester and Minneapolis.
Dean, R. K., Pollard, R. Q, Davis, J., Griffin, M., LaCava,
C., Morrison, B., Parmir, J., Smith, A., Storme, S. & Suback,
L. (2004). The demand-control schema: Effective curricular implementation.
In E. M. Maroney (Ed.), CIT: Still shining after 25 years (pp. 145-161).
(Proceedings of the 15th national Convention of the Conference of
Interpreter Trainers (CIT).) Monmouth, OR: CIT.
A report of the UR-UT collaboration in implementation of DC-S in
IPP (ITP) curriculums. Other schools included Johnson County Community
College, the Ohio School for the Deaf, Camden Community College,
and Kent State University.
Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q. (2004, October). A practice-profession
model of ethical reasoning. VIEWS, 21 (9), 1, 28-29.
An introduction to the concept of interpreting as a practice profession.
It details the need for interpreting to approach its ethics in a
practice profession manner, understanding the "it depends"
reality and introducing a liberal/conservative continuum for ethical
and effective decisions.
Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q. (2005). Consumers and service
effectiveness in interpreting work: A practice profession perspective.
In M. Marschark, R. Peterson, & E. Winston (Eds.), Interpreting
and interpreter education: Directions for research and practice
(pp. 259-282). New York: Oxford University Press.
Provides an overview of the DC-Schema, Practice Professions, and
professional ethics based on the DC-S. Includes research from RID
Conventions on interpreters' perceptions of the impact of extra-linguistic
issues on the interpreting process and decision making. Makes some
attempt to define the complexity of interpreting.
Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q. (2006). From best practice
to best practice process: Shifting ethical thinking and teaching.
In E. M. Maroney (Ed.), A new chapter in interpreter education:
Accreditation, research and technology. (Proceedings of the 16th
national convention of the Conference of Interpreter Trainers (CIT).)
Monmouth, OR: CIT.
A description of application of DC-S and, more specifically,
D-C-C-RD to decision-making to develop more teleologically-based
decisions. Argues for a process of developing best practices instead
of a set list of best practices.
Dean & Pollard. (2009, January). Deontological and teleological
ethics. Newsli, 67, 3-5.
Summary of "From Best Practice to Best Practice Process."
Dean, R. K. & Pollard, R. Q. (2009, Fall). "I don't
think we're supposed to be talking about this:" Case conferencing
and supervision for interpreters. VIEWS , 26, 28-30.
A discussion of the role of case-conferencing/supervision in interpreting
practice and the role of confidentiality codes in such a practice.
Argues a need for case-conferencing for development of the profession.
Dean & Pollard (2011) Context-based ethical reasoning in
interpreting. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 5(1), 155-182.
A great explanation of the DC-S and its application to context-based
reasoning. Discusses teleological vs. deontological approaches and
applications in various practice professions. Goes into a bit more
detail about Karasek's original theory and application. Emphasizes
the application of DC-S to all decision-making, not just ethical,
but behavioral and translations decisions as well. Looks at the
importance of differentiating between interpersonal and intrapersonal
demands and how intrapersonal demands can color our view of interpersonal
demands. Closes with recommendations on teaching DC-S in ITPs and
continuing education.
Dean & Pollard (in press) Beyond "interesting":
Using demand control schema to structure experiential learning.
This article focuses mainly on using DC-S in experience-based teaching
situations and advocates for this style of teaching in ITPs. It
provides several examples of using DC-S to analyze videos or actual
observations in medical and mental health settings. It then steps
through the demand categories and using them for teaching and learning.
Finally, it discusses the importance of recognizing knowledge and
other factors can be controls in particular settings.
Pollard, R. Q & Dean, R. K. (Eds.) (2008). Applications
of Demand Control Schema in Interpreter Education. (Proceedings
of the August 3, 2007 pre-conference meeting at the national convention
of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf.) Rochester, NY : University
of Rochester.
Appears to be a book on application of DC-S in ITPs as described
by educators from around the country. Unable to get access.
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